Mean Sea Level rise could be a sign of global warming of the atmosphere. Monitoring this level is an application of altimetry, and one of the main issue in Environmental sciences of the 21st century.
The Kuroshio Extension is characterized by a strong variability. This variability results in two rather different states of the Kuroshio Extension: an "elongated state" vs a "contracted state". An indicator based on the high-frequency eddy kinetic energy (EKE) well checks these Kuroshio Extension states.